35 20 1884 Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Brent Jesiek Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Floyd Rudmin Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-06-05 Description An account of the resource Published on Wednesday, April 18, 2007 by <a href="http://www.commondreams.org/">CommonDreams.org</a> by Floyd Rudmin The tragedy at Virginia Tech tears at the heart of everyone. Thirty-two innocent students and teachers, in the normal activities of their lives, are suddenly shot dead. Each one of them has a mother, a father, friends, classmates, siblings, and others who held them dear. And all of these have had their hearts torn, or torn out. There is now emptiness and grief where once there was a person. Americans in their sharing of this sadness should consider how others in the world have similar feelings when facing similar loss and tragedy. These 32 senseless deaths are a chance for empathy with other communities who have also lost 32 loved persons to sudden death. A search of Google using the search expression: "Iraq AND ("32 killed" OR "32 died" OR "killing 32")" finds the following news headlines and news text (in brackets): 3 March 2004: Bremer: U.S. to bolster Iraq border security ("killing 32 people") 24 April 2004: At least 32 killed, nearly 60 injured in another day of violence in Iraq 1 June 2004: 3rd of detainees who died were assaulted ("32 died in Iraq over 12 months") 16 July 2004: 32 killed as attacks rock Iraq 17 September 2004: 32 killed as US Forces continued their relentless strikes in Baghdad 15 October 2004: At least 32 killed in Iraq violence 28 December 2004: 32 killed in attacks in Tikrit 23 June 2005: 32 killed in coordinated attacks 14 November 2005: On American attacks in Iraq ("American navy announced killing 32 gunmen") 9 December 2005: Suicide bomber on Iraqi bus kills 32 6 January 2006: Scores killed on Iraq's bloodiest day ("32 killed by a suicide bomber at a Shiite funeral") 2 March 2006: Iraqi parties want Jaafari out of Prime Minister race ("more violence struck Iraq, killing 32 people") 24 March 2006: 32 killed in attacks across Iraq 14 May 2006: 32 killed in violence 27 June 2006: Seven Sunni groups seek truce in Iraq ("32 killed in violence") 28 July 2006: IRAQ: 32 killed in Baghdad blasts 8 December 2006: At least 32 killed in attack on two families in Iraq 10 January 2007: Weather blamed for plane crash near Baghdad ("killing 32") 30 January 2007: At least 32 killed in Iraq holy day violence 15 March 2007: Suicide bomber apparently targeting senior city official devastates busy square in Baghdad ("killing 32 people") 10 April 2007: Bombings kill 32 in Iraq; U.S. raids hit civilians 15 April 2007: Dozens killed in Iraqi holy city ("killing at least 32 people") In each of these tragic events, each one of the 32 people also had a mother, a father, friends, classmates, siblings, and others who held them dear. And all of these also have had their hearts torn, or torn out, to be filled with emptiness and grief. The tragedy at Virginia Tech was caused by lone gunman, probably deranged. It was a one-time event. It is finished. The tragedy in Iraq was caused by the US government, with the over-whelming support of the US Congress, most of the US media, and much of the US population. This war was planned and executed by rational men and women, none of them deranged. The US decided to start the war against Iraq. The US decided to destroy the infrastructure of Iraq. The US decided to destroy the Iraqi government and to disband its police and army. The US decided to send too few soldiers to secure the nation after doing these destructive deeds. And the tragedy of Iraq is not a one-time event. It is not finished. It continues, apparently without end. By many reports, the US is now preparing to start another war, this time against Iran. Americans feeling the shock and grief of the tragedy at Virginia Tech should look into their hearts and realize that they through their government are bringing this same tragedy again, and again, and again, and again, and again, endlessly and needlessly, to other people in the world who also have hearts that can be torn out, who also feel grief and loss when family and friends are suddenly killed when doing ordinary things of life, like going to school. Tragic deaths force us to feel our humanity and to see we are similar to others in the world. The tragic deaths in Virginia might serve to motivate Americans to curb their militarism and to minimize the tragedies of sudden death that they have been bringing to other families in the world. <a href="frudmin@psyk.uit.no">Floyd Rudmin</a> is a professor of psychology at the University of TromsøÂ¸ in Norway. He is also affiliated with the Centre for Peace Studies and is a member of Science for Peace. -- Original Source: <a href="http://www.commondreams.org/archive/2007/04/18/593/">http://www.commondreams.org/archive/2007/04/18/593/</a> Essay provided courtesy of Floyd Rudmin. Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Floyd Webster Rudmin (frudmin@psyk.uit.no) Title A name given to the resource 32 Senseless Deaths: A Chance for Empathy, Change of Heart, and Change of Course iraq tragedy war https://www.april16.vtlibraries.net/files/original/NG_Dahlgren_Flagpole_91af6e6784.jpg null Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-05-02 Omeka Legacy File The metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `files` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka files. This set may be deprecated in future versions. Capture Date 2007-05-02 12:45:55 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Frank Eak Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Frank Eak Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-05-02 Description An account of the resource A group of Northrop Grumman employees gathered at the flagpole at noon on Friday, 20 April 07, to remember the victims and their families and show their support for the entire Hokie family. Language A language of the resource eng flagpole northrop grumman https://www.april16.vtlibraries.net/files/original/VT Remembers 009_5d764738f5.JPG null Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-06-01 Omeka Legacy File The metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `files` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka files. This set may be deprecated in future versions. Capture Date 2007-06-01 10:10:09 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Chad Newswander Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Frank Eak Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-06-01 Description An account of the resource Friends and loved ones have placed several items by Ryan Clark's Hokie Stone. Original source: <ahref=" http://www.imagestation.com/album/pictures.html?id=2093007661"> http://www.imagestation.com/album/pictures.html?id=2093007661</a> Photo courtesy of Frank Eak Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Permission: Frank Eak feak@va.metrocast.net Title A name given to the resource Ryan Clark's Hokie Stone clark hokie rock Hokie stone ryan clark https://www.april16.vtlibraries.net/files/original/VT Remembers 013_2dc79ceba7.JPG null Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-06-01 Omeka Legacy File The metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `files` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka files. This set may be deprecated in future versions. Capture Date 2007-06-01 10:20:07 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Chad Newswander Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Frank Eak Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-06-01 Description An account of the resource German instructor Jamie Bishop's Hokie Stone is filled with objects from loved ones. Original source: <ahref=" http://www.imagestation.com/album/pictures.html?id=2093007661"> http://www.imagestation.com/album/pictures.html?id=2093007661</a> Photo courtesy of Frank Eak Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Permission: Frank Eak feak@va.metrocast.net Title A name given to the resource Jamie Bishop's Hokie Stone bishop hokie rock Hokie stone jamie bishop https://www.april16.vtlibraries.net/files/original/VT Remembers 015_b7717f035c.JPG null Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-06-01 Omeka Legacy File The metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `files` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka files. This set may be deprecated in future versions. Capture Date 2007-06-01 10:25:21 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Chad Newswander Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Frank Eak Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-06-01 Description An account of the resource Items like footballs have been placed at the main memorial site to remember the victims. Original source: <ahref=" http://www.imagestation.com/album/pictures.html?id=2093007661"> http://www.imagestation.com/album/pictures.html?id=2093007661</a> Photo courtesy of Frank Eak Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Permission: Frank Eak feak@va.metrocast.net Title A name given to the resource Memorial at the Drill Field drill field memorial https://www.april16.vtlibraries.net/files/original/VT Remembers 053_4efc5eb56a.JPG null Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-06-01 Omeka Legacy File The metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `files` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka files. This set may be deprecated in future versions. Capture Date 2007-06-01 10:29:43 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Chad Newswander Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Frank Eak Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-06-01 Description An account of the resource Norris Hall has been sealed off as the police conduct its investigation. Original source: <ahref=" http://www.imagestation.com/album/pictures.html?id=2093007661"> http://www.imagestation.com/album/pictures.html?id=2093007661</a> Photo courtesy of Frank Eak Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Permission: Frank Eak feak@va.metrocast.net Title A name given to the resource Norris Hall crime scene crime scene tape norris hall https://www.april16.vtlibraries.net/files/original/VT Remembers 058_1840fee0b6.JPG null Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-06-01 Omeka Legacy File The metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `files` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka files. This set may be deprecated in future versions. Capture Date 2007-06-01 10:32:57 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Chad Newswander Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Frank Eak Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-06-01 Description An account of the resource The location of the second shooting has become a memorial site. Original source: <ahref=" http://www.imagestation.com/album/pictures.html?id=2093007661"> http://www.imagestation.com/album/pictures.html?id=2093007661</a> Photo courtesy of Frank Eak Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Permission: Frank Eak feak@va.metrocast.net Title A name given to the resource Norris Hall crime scene crime scene tape memorial norris hall https://www.april16.vtlibraries.net/files/original/VT Remembers 078_2cddd88367.JPG null Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-06-01 Omeka Legacy File The metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `files` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka files. This set may be deprecated in future versions. Capture Date 2007-06-01 10:36:13 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Chad Newswander Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Frank Eak Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-06-01 Description An account of the resource Message boards filled with comments are stationed on the drill field. Original source: <ahref=" http://www.imagestation.com/album/pictures.html?id=2093007661"> http://www.imagestation.com/album/pictures.html?id=2093007661</a> Photo courtesy of Frank Eak Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Permission: Frank Eak feak@va.metrocast.net Title A name given to the resource Message Board memorial message boards messages signed boards https://www.april16.vtlibraries.net/files/original/VT Remembers 084_e868f81e00.JPG null Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-06-01 Omeka Legacy File The metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `files` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka files. This set may be deprecated in future versions. Capture Date 2007-06-01 10:38:37 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Chad Newswander Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Frank Eak Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-06-01 Description An account of the resource Message boards filled with comments are stationed on the drill field. Original source: <ahref=" http://www.imagestation.com/album/pictures.html?id=2093007661"> http://www.imagestation.com/album/pictures.html?id=2093007661</a> Photo courtesy of Frank Eak Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Permission: Frank Eak feak@va.metrocast.net Title A name given to the resource Message Boards memorial message boards messages signed boards https://www.april16.vtlibraries.net/files/original/VT Remembers 114_9a58e67e19.JPG null Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-06-01 Omeka Legacy File The metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `files` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka files. This set may be deprecated in future versions. Capture Date 2007-06-01 10:41:47 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Chad Newswander Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Frank Eak Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-06-01 Description An account of the resource A simple stone with the VT logo lies on the drill field. Original source: <ahref=" http://www.imagestation.com/album/pictures.html?id=2093007661"> http://www.imagestation.com/album/pictures.html?id=2093007661</a> Photo courtesy of Frank Eak Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Permission: Frank Eak feak@va.metrocast.net Title A name given to the resource Hokie Stone hokie rock Hokie stone memorial https://www.april16.vtlibraries.net/files/original/VT Remembers 138_cb00021e8e.JPG null Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-06-01 Omeka Legacy File The metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `files` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka files. This set may be deprecated in future versions. Capture Date 2007-06-01 11:14:14 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Chad Newswander Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Frank Eak Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-06-01 Description An account of the resource Squires Student Center is filled with posters, message boards, flowers, and other items that universities, businesses, and other places around the country have sent to Virginia Tech. Original source: <ahref=" http://www.imagestation.com/album/pictures.html?id=2093007661"> http://www.imagestation.com/album/pictures.html?id=2093007661</a> Photo Courtesy of Frank Eak Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Permission: Frank Eak feak@va.metrocast.net Title A name given to the resource Squires Student Center memorial squires squires student center https://www.april16.vtlibraries.net/files/original/VT Remembers 149_fbcdbcf0d1.JPG null Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-06-01 Omeka Legacy File The metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `files` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka files. This set may be deprecated in future versions. Capture Date 2007-06-01 11:17:41 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Chad Newswander Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Frank Eak Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-06-01 Description An account of the resource Squires Student Center is filled with posters, message boards, flowers, and other items that universities, businesses, and other places around the country have sent to Virginia Tech. Original source: <ahref=" http://www.imagestation.com/album/pictures.html?id=2093007661"> http://www.imagestation.com/album/pictures.html?id=2093007661</a> Photo courtesy of Frank Eak Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Permission: Photo courtesy of Frank Eak http://www.imagestation.com/album/pictures.html?id=2093007661 Title A name given to the resource Squires Student Center memorial sacramento state squires squires student center university memorial https://www.april16.vtlibraries.net/files/original/VT Remembers 244_d95f0a2456.JPG null Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-06-01 Omeka Legacy File The metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `files` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka files. This set may be deprecated in future versions. Capture Date 2007-06-01 11:26:37 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Chad Newswander Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Frank Eak Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-06-01 Description An account of the resource Friends and loved ones have placed several items by Ryan Clark's Hokie Stone. Original source: <ahref=" http://www.imagestation.com/album/pictures.html?id=2093007661"> http://www.imagestation.com/album/pictures.html?id=2093007661</a> Photo courtesy of Frank Eak Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Permission: Photo courtesy of Frank Eak http://www.imagestation.com/album/pictures.html?id=2093007661 Title A name given to the resource Ryan Clark's Stone clark hokie rock Hokie stone memorial ryan clark https://www.april16.vtlibraries.net/files/original/VT Remembers 253_137b626ceb.JPG null Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-06-01 Omeka Legacy File The metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `files` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka files. This set may be deprecated in future versions. Capture Date 2007-06-01 11:30:12 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Chad Newswander Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Frank Eak Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-06-01 Description An account of the resource Items like signed helmets are placed at the main memorial site on the drill field. Original source: <ahref=" http://www.imagestation.com/album/pictures.html?id=2093007661"> http://www.imagestation.com/album/pictures.html?id=2093007661</a> Photo courtesy of Frank Eak Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Permission: Photo courtesy of Frank Eak http://www.imagestation.com/album/pictures.html?id=2093007661 drill field memorial Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Brent Jesiek Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Fred Burton Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-09-22 Description An account of the resource By Fred Burton Tuesday, April 17th, 2007 Campus police at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in Blacksburg, Va., on April 17 identified the perpetrator of the shooting rampage on campus a day earlier as South Korean English student Cho Seung Hui. Thirty-three people died as a result of the attack and several others were injured, some seriously. The shooting began about 7:15 a.m. on the fourth floor of co-ed dormitory West Ambler Johnston Hall. According to reports, Cho shot and killed his girlfriend and then a resident assistant who responded to the sound of the shots. Police were investigating those shootings when Cho stormed Norris Hall, a classroom building some half a mile away, and opened fire on faculty and students, killing another 30 people. The rampage ended when Cho killed himself. Authorities have not released many of the details of the attack, though several important points can be ascertained from the known facts. Given the history of school and university shootings in the United States, the certainty that others will occur and the warning from the FBI about a possible <a href="http://www.stratfor.com/products/premium/read_article.php?id=260207">Beslan-style </a> militant attack, the lessons from the Virginia Tech attack can be instructive - perhaps even lifesaving. Methodical Planning First, the shooting was planned in advance and methodically executed. This conclusion is supported by the fact that Cho carried two pistols and loads of ammunition, that he went directly to another building for the second phase of the attack and that he used chains to secure the main doors to Norris Hall before opening fire. The chains served to keep targets inside the building and to impede the entry of responding law enforcement officers. Cho had studied the building and planned accordingly. Although criticism has begun over the level of security at Norris Hall, and Virginia Tech in general, attacks of this nature cannot be prevented by security devices and programs. Educational institutions, especially sprawling universities, are soft targets that cannot be hermetically sealed like a federal penitentiary. As such, prison-style security measures would be not only impractical, stifling and prohibitively expensive, but also ultimately ineffective â€” because even tight security cannot stop a determined, suicidal attacker. On campuses, even the best physical security measures â€” closed-circuit television coverage, metal detectors, identification badges, locks and so forth â€” have finite utility. These measures serve a valuable purpose, but they cannot stand alone. For one thing, the technology cannot evaluate and react. Also, it can be observed, learned and even fooled. Moreover, because some systems frequently produce false alarms, warnings in real danger situations can be brushed aside. Given these shortcomings, it is quite possible for anyone planning an act of violence to map out, quantify and then defeat or bypass physical security devices. In fact, security devices can be relied on too much, resulting in a <a href="http://www.stratfor.com/products/premium/read_article.php?id=271340">false sense of security</a>. History shows us that even adding guards into the mix is not enough to prevent attacks. The March 2005 <a href="http://www.stratfor.com/products/premium/read_article.php?id=246560">shooting</a> in Red Lake, Minn., demonstrates that even strict access-control measures, such as ID badges, metal detectors and security guards, can be circumvented -or neutralized. In Red Lake, the security guard was the first person killed. Indicators of Planning In past cases, school shooters often have given prior warnings as to their intentions. In other words, they did not just "snap" and go on a killing spree. In most cases, their attacks were methodically planned, often over a long period of time. Jeff Weise, the teenage student arrested for the Minnesota shootings, allegedly spent more than a year planning his attack, including conducting walk-through rehearsals and noting the location of security cameras. Weise also had help from a friend, who eventually pleaded guilty to transmitting threatening messages via the Internet. As in <a href="http://www.stratfor.com/products/premium/read_article.php?id=248076">workplace attacks</a>, one of the biggest contributing factors to school shootings is the failure to identify the warning signs or to take the signs (even obvious ones) seriously. Because of this, following the April 1999 Columbine shooting, the U.S. Department of Education and the U.S. Secret Service conducted an extensive study of school shootings and developed educational materials that have helped raise the awareness of such warning signs. The warning signs include sudden changes in a person's behavior, his or her decreased productivity, withdrawal from friends or the sudden display of negative traits, such as irritation, poor hygiene or snapping at or abusing fellow students. Perhaps the most indicative signs that serious trouble is looming are talk about suicide and/or the expression of actual or veiled threats. In most previous cases, especially those involving detailed planning, the factors leading to the violent outburst have built up over a long time. These factors have included failed romantic relationships, stress from family relationships, failing grades or perceived injustice at the hands of peers or teachers. As was highlighted in the Columbine case, quite often the shooter fantasizes about committing the attack for some time and even shares those fantasies with a friend or via an online form such as a blog or Web site. Due to the government's educational efforts, several attacks have been foiled by people who have recognized and reported the warning signs to authorities. Of course in some cases, the signs have been as blatant as students sharing their plans for an attack in advance with their friends or warning other students not to go to school on a certain day. Although the details of the events leading up to the Virginia Tech shooting are not yet clear, Cho apparently spent quite some time planning his attack, which strongly suggests he gave some indication of his intent that was not recognized or that he even made threats that went unheeded. There are now unconfirmed reports that Cho set at least one fire on campus, that he had stalked a student, that he had been sent for counseling and that he was taking an antidepressant. At least some of these indicators likely are true, and we anticipate that others will surface as the investigation into the attack progress. Warning Systems Some of the most critical comments about the Virginia Tech administration have centered on the long delay in notifying the faculty and student body that a shooter was at large, that the eventual warning was not transmitted to all and that it was confusing to those who did receive it. One source at Virginia Tech said many people received no warning and that communication of the event was "very much a case of who had cell phone or wireless devices before the system was overloaded and crashed." In some university buildings, such as the library, the public address system is not used to convey emergency instructions. The source said the result was that large clusters of students "seemed to be caught between orders to go inside and some sort of building evacuation instructions," and thus remained outside. This confusion was cleared up once police began using the PA systems on their vehicles to convey clear instructions to the students. So perhaps one of the biggest lessons from this attack will be the need for large institutions to have redundant and overlapping notification systems that will convey clear and consistent instructions. Such systems could incorporate e-mail notification, text messages and public address systems. Of course any such system would have to be routinely tested and refined to become more effective. Contingency Planning Historically, incidents of school shootings tend to spawn similar attacks so that three or four major incidents occur within a few weeks of one another. Given that precedent, the FBI's current concerns over a mass attack against a school, and the April 20 anniversary of the Columbine attack (which also is Adolf Hitler's birthday), it would be prudent for university security directors, local school boards, parents and students to review or establish emergency plans. Like 9/11, the massive 2003 <a href="http://www.stratfor.com/products/premium/read_article.php?id=221262">U.S. power outage</a> and <a href="http://www.stratfor.com/products/premium/read_article.php?id=254863">Hurricane Katrina</a>, the confusion evidenced in Blacksburg highlights the need for <a href="http://www.stratfor.com/products/premium/read_article.php?id=248481">contingency plans</a> in the event of an accident, natural disaster or attack by criminals or militants. Such plans are important not only for corporations and schools, but also for families and individuals. Furthermore, there should be a plan for each regular location â€” home, work and school â€” that outlines what each person will do and where they will go should they be forced to evacuate. This means establishing meeting points for family members who might be split up â€” and backup points in case the first one also is affected by the disaster. When such incidents occur, the ensuing chaos often results in difficulty communicating, as cell phone and regular phone circuits become overwhelmed with traffic. The lack of ability to communicate with loved ones can greatly enhance the panic felt during a crisis. Perhaps the most value derived from having a personal and family contingency plan is a reduction in the amount of stress that results from not being able to immediately contact a loved one. Knowing that everyone is following the plan â€” and that contact eventually will be established â€” frees each person to concentrate on the more pressing issue of evacuation. Because of this, communication is an important part of any such plan, and redundant forms of communication must be established in advance. Past crises such as 9/11 and Hurricane Katrina have shown that even if cell phone and regular phone circuits are jammed, text messages and e-mail frequently will continue to work. This means that every member of the family, including technophobes, must learn to use text messaging and e-mail. While no emergency plan can account for every eventuality, such plans do provide a framework from which to work, even during times of panic. The open nature of schools and universities makes preventing attacks on campuses extremely difficult â€” though a student body, faculty and staff that know the warning signs can be a vital line of defense. Once an attack begins, proper communications and well-designed contingency plans can minimize the casualty count. Distribution and Reprints This report may be distributed or republished with attribution to Strategic Forecasting, Inc. at <a href="http://www.stratfor.com/">www.stratfor.com</a>. For media requests, partnership opportunities, or commercial distribution or republication, please contact <a href="mailto://pr@stratfor.com/">pr@stratfor.com</a>. -- Original Source: <a href="http://crackerboy.us/emergency-preparedness-checklist/virginia-tech-shootings/">http://crackerboy.us/emergency-preparedness-checklist/virginia-tech-shootings/</a> This work is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/us/">Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License</a>. Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License Title A name given to the resource The Virginia Tech Shootings: A Case for Redundant Communications blog communication contingency planning planning security technology warning systems Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Sara AA Hood Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Freesia Singngam Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-08-24 Description An account of the resource Storrs Community Extends Its Support By: Freesia Singngam Posted: 4/17/07 The worst shooting in American history took place at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech) on Monday affecting the entire nation. The UConn community is no exception. Students, faculty and staff watched the news and checked for updates on the Internet throughout the day. They reacted to the tragedy and the way Virginia Tech handled the situation. "I know I speak for the entire University of Connecticut community in expressing our shock and grief at the unspeakable tragedy at Virginia Tech," President Philip Austin said in an e-mail sent to the university community Monday. "Our thoughts and prayers are with those who were the victims of this violent, senseless act, their families and their friends." "The Virginia Tech situation is certainly a tragic situation," said Major Ronald Blicher of the UConn Police Department. Because the case in on-going, Blicher said that it would be inappropriate to comment more on the situation. "Certainly we can't really speculate on what happened," Blicher said. "The facts will be forthcoming." On Monday, people were questioning the response the shootings received and how well it was handled. The shootings may have brought fear to students at UConn and across the country. Blicher said that UConn officers are "POST" trained, which means "Police Officer Standards and Training." He said that the police are armed like any state or police department and UConn specifically, is internationally accredited. -- Original SOurce:<a href=http://media.www.dailycampus.com/media/storage/paper340/news/2007/04/17/News/University.Tragedy-2846297.shtml>The Daily Campus - April 17, 2007</a> Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Daily Campus Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Melissa Bruen <eic@dailycampus.com> Title A name given to the resource University tragedy university of connecticut Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Brent Jesiek Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Galen Moore / The Milford Daily News staff Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-07-17 Description An account of the resource By Galen Moore/Daily News staff GHS Fri Apr 20, 2007, 12:55 AM EDT WESTBOROUGH - Andrew Dyche is safe, but for 30 terrifying minutes Monday his mother, Amy Belue, didn't know it. Dyche, a 2003 graduate of Westborough High School, will graduate from Virginia Tech in June. He was at home in his off-campus apartment the morning fellow student Cho Seung-Hui shot 32 people, then turned a gun on himself. On Monday, after learning of the killings from a co-worker over the Internet, it took Belue, who now lives in Colorado, 30 minutes of trying and re-trying jammed telephone circuits to reach her son. When they got through, the campus was already locked down, he told her. Dyche left Blacksburg, Va., on Wednesday to stay with high school friends at the University of Connecticut. The atmosphere at Virginia Tech, where both his mother and father also went to school, was too much to bear, he said. "Our campus is still swarmed with reporters, news media and cops," he said. "No one's really leaving their apartments." The university canceled classes for the week. Dyche, who first learned of the shootings when his roommate called him from a bus that had been stopped, didn't know any of the students who were killed or injured Monday. For that, he feels lucky. The week's events came as a shock, but they won't change his opinion of the school, he said. When he goes back, he will feel as safe as he could hope to feel anywhere, he said. Belue, who moved with her husband, Dyche's stepfather, to Colorado in 2004, said she still feels a strong bond with the college she attended 30 years ago. "We just love the community down there," she said. "It's so sad this is a part of the history now." Dyche said though he knows there will be questions, he hopes students won't turn to blaming authorities for what happened. "It's kind of difficult that (Cho) took his own life, because now it feels like we need to shift the blame somewhere else," Dyche said. "He's gone and you can't take it out on him." (Galen Moore can be reached at 508-490-7453 or gmoore@cnc.com.) -- Original Source: Milford, MA - The Milford Daily News <a href="http://www.milforddailynews.com/homepage/x663839027">http://www.milforddailynews.com/homepage/x663839027</a> Licensed under <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0</a>. Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Title A name given to the resource Westborough grad, a Virginia Tech student, is safe alumni parents reaction student https://www.april16.vtlibraries.net/files/original/Front-News-Web-Pic_7_0edc98b476.jpg null Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-07-10 Omeka Legacy File The metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `files` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka files. This set may be deprecated in future versions. Capture Date 2007-07-10 21:17:31 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Sara Hood Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gallagher Hannan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-07-10 Description An account of the resource By Gallagher Hannan Sun Staff Writer May 3 2007 The tragedy at Virginia Tech has put the entire college community on edge. Although it is clear that this incident was isolated, it has raised important questions about the prevalence of high stress and depression on college campuses. In an interview with Cornell's President David Skorton last week on mental health, he addressed the importance of these issues. "I am very, very concerned about depression, pressure on campus, suicide, homicide, violence; it's an enormous issue," he said.Ample Advice: Pamphlets line the walls of Gannett Health Clinic offering advice to students on a number of topics.Ample Advice: Pamphlets line the walls of Gannett Health Clinic offering advice to students on a number of topics. According to a recent study completed by Kansas State University, mental health issues like those described by Skorton are becoming increasingly prevalent on college campuses. The study indicated that since 1994, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of students seeking help for depression and suicidal thoughts. Greg Eells, director of Cornell Counseling and Psychological services, said that these trends are apparent Cornell as well. "We've seen a doubling of people coming in for counseling over the last ten years," he said, "but we've doubled our staff size as well, so we've tried to keep up." The question then, is whether mental health issues are actually increasing, or if students are just more willing to seek psychological help. "It's hard to know whether the increase in demand is about increased stress, or is about increased knowledge in campus [about mental health services] and [their] de-stigmatization," said Matt Boone, interim assistant director of CAPS. "While there have been claims that mental health problems among college students are on the rise, the data is not consistent," said Tim Marchell, director of Mental Health Initiatives and the Council for Mental Health and Welfare, "[But] we do know from surveys that there are many students who experience significant levels of stress for which they don't receive help." So what can universities like Cornell do to help combat these problems? Aside from increasing the staff size of CAPS, Cornell has been trying to implement other ways in which students can have access to counseling and support if they need it. "I think Gannett is at the forefront of these issues," said Boone. "[We have] eight staff members devoted to outreach and nine 'Let's Talk' sites where you can walk in without paying a fee. Those staff members conduct those walk-in hours as a way to engage people who wouldn't usually come into counseling," he said. Gannett has also been working to make faculty members and students more aware of what the warning signs of mental health problems may be. "We are educating faculty and staff and students how to recognize issues...[and] helping them understand what are the indicators that might suggest that a student is having a problem. We [also] provide online mental health self-assessments on our website," Marchell said. There are also lots of places that Cornell students can find support on campus outside of CAPS, if they need it. Empathy and Referral Services, a peer-counseling group, is another resource for students if they want to talk but feel that they do not require a therapist. "Not all issues are therapy issues," said Alice Green, director of the EARS program. "If you have a breakup with a significant other, it's a normal life passage, it may not require therapy but it may require some support and reflection...I really hope that people who come to EARS will see that some issues that don't require therapy can really benefit from just talking with someone." There's a lot of talk about Cornell being an especially stressful university. While it is clear that workloads can get heavy, there may be other reasons why Cornell students feel so much pressure. "If you look at national college health assessment surveys, Cornell tracks right a long with other schools. However, I think if you look at people's perceptions, there is a cultural component of Cornell that [says] you're supposed to be stressed here...There are things about Cornell's structure, it's size, being a teaching institution that add to that perception of stress," said Eells. "There's a long standing tradition of talking about how stressful it is here," said Marchell. "[In some cases] talking about how stressful it is may even add to the stress." It is because of these problems, many mental health professionals agree, that it is important to relax at places like Cornell. "[It's important] to just notice that we have a this culture of pressure and be brave enough to say 'I'm going to try to relax and I'm going to try to bring that to whoever I encounter'," said Green, "You can be clear and intelligent and successful and not carry that atmosphere of driven-ness." Nevertheless, the University is trying to ensure that there are always counseling alternatives if necessary. "For those who are experiencing stress that is interfering with their ability to function it can be important to seek help from professionals or peers," said Marchell. "And similarly I would say for those of us who may be aware of someone else who's undergoing significant stress its important that we reach out to those individuals...All of us need to play a role in making Cornell an even more caring community."Student Mental Health Problems Rise at C.U. Comments The Most Likely Reason for Seung-hui Cho's Problems Lies with the age of his father at his conception, between 38 and 39. I would guess that the resilence of today's college students to stress and depression is diminished in some of the population whose father's, following the trend during the last 20 years, were older at their conception, over the age of 32. There is a great ignorance in this country of the science of the past 50 years concerning the effects of the male biological clock called the paternal age effect. The increase in today's children of the incidence of non-familial autism and schizophrenia is a demonstration of that effect. The Male Biological Clock: Advancing Paternal Age = Genetic Disorders. The most obvious major cause of the increase in depression, lack of resilence to stress, and at the extreme end, autism and schizophrenia, in young people are mutations to the genes that control myelin development. A note, from a expert in the field to myelin research, Dr. George Bartzokis to me contained this explanation: "The issue is that the older man will have sperm that has undergone more divisions and therefore had more chances to have mutations. The COMPLEXITY of the myelination process makes it more vulnerable to mutations. I am not talking of one specific mutation. Many things could MANIFEST in the myelination or myelin breakdown process because it is so vulnerable - something going slightly wrong will impact it while it will not impact bone growth or the heart. A good example is ApoE4 - whatever else it may affect, it manifests in the reduced capacity of myelin repair and earlier onset of AD." Knowledge of, and acceptance of, the science of the male biological clock must be forthcoming. At all levels of education, students and teachers must study and integrate the paternal age effect findings and the knowledge of what ages it is advisable to father children learned. There is also the option of cryobanking sperm in ones mid 20s to 30 for fathering babies past the age of 32. If men are older than 32, and do not have a client depositor sperm bank account, there might be the possiblilty of adoption or use of healthy sperm from a donor aged 25-30. For more information about the paternal age effect please spend a great deal of time reading and absorbing the scientific abstracts that I have collected: http://ageofthefatherandhealthoffuture.blogspot.com/ http://how-old-is-too-old.blogspot.com/ http://fathersageandsinglegenedisorders.blogspot.com/ -- Original Source: <a href=http://cornellsun.com/node/23362>Cornell Daily Sun - May 3, 2007</a> Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Jonny Lieberman <jdl46@cornell.edu>, <lieberman.jonny@gmail.com> Title A name given to the resource Student Mental Health Problems Rise at C.U. cornell mental health https://www.april16.vtlibraries.net/files/original/President 182_56a5306aa5.jpg null Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-06-28 Omeka Legacy File The metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `files` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka files. This set may be deprecated in future versions. Capture Date 2007-06-28 12:44:00 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Chad Newswander Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Garry Thompson Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-06-28 Description An account of the resource This photo captured Henry Lee's hokie stone. Photo Courtesy of Garry Thompson Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Permission: Garry Thompson sthomp2813@aol.com Title A name given to the resource Henry Lee henry lee hokie rock Hokie stone lee memorial https://www.april16.vtlibraries.net/files/original/President 183_66847571bf.jpg null Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-06-28 Omeka Legacy File The metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `files` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka files. This set may be deprecated in future versions. Capture Date 2007-06-28 12:47:20 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Chad Newswander Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Garry Thompson Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-06-28 Description An account of the resource This photo captured Liviu Librescu's hokie stone. Photo Courtesy of Garry Thompson Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Permission: Garry Thompson sthomp2813@aol.com Title A name given to the resource Liviu Librescu hokie rock Hokie stone librescu liviu librescu memorial